动态磁共振成像（MRI）是一种流行的医学成像技术，可生成组织和器官内部对比度材料流动的图像序列。但是，仅在少数可行性研究中证明了它在通过食道运动中的成像运动中的应用，并且相对尚未探索。在这项工作中，我们提出了一个称为力学的MRI（MRI-MEC）的计算框架，该计算框架增强了该能力，从而增加了动态MRI在诊断食管疾病中的适用性。菠萝汁用作动态MRI的吞咽对比材料，MRI图像序列被用作MRI-MECH的输入。 MRI-MECH将食道建模为柔性的一维管，弹性管壁遵循线性管定律。然后，通过一维质量和动量保护方程式，通过食道流动。这些方程是使用物理信息的神经网络（PINN）求解的。 PINN最大程度地减少了MRI测量和模型预测之间的差异，以确保始终遵循流体流量问题的物理。 MRI-Mech计算了食管转运期间的流体速度和压力，并通过计算壁刚度和主动弛豫来估计食道健康的机械健康。此外，MRI-Mech预测了在排空过程中有关下食管下括约肌的缺失信息，这证明了其适用于缺少数据或图像分辨率差的方案。除了基于食管机械健康的定量估计值来改善临床决策外，MRI-MECH还可以增强用于应用其他医学成像方式以增强其功能。

食管障碍的发病机制与食管壁力学有关。因此，要了解各种食管障碍背后的潜在基本机制，将基于食管壁力学的参数映射到与改变的推注途径和超级性IBP对应的生理和病理生理学条件至关重要。在这项工作中，我们提出了一种混合框架，将流体力学和机器学习结合，以识别各种食管障碍的底层物理，并将它们映射到我们称之为虚拟疾病景观（VDL）的参数空间上。一维逆模型处理来自食道诊断装置的输出，称为内窥镜功能腔成像探针（endoflip）来估计食道的机械“健康”，通过预测一组基于机械基的参数，例如食道壁刚度，肌肉收缩食管墙的模式和活跃放松。然后使用基于机械基的参数来训练由改变空间（VAE）组成的神经网络，其产生潜在空间和侧面网络，该侧面网络预测用于估计食道古代结动性的机械工作度量。潜在的矢量以及一组基于基于机械的参数定义VDL并形成与各种食管疾病相对应的簇。 VDL不仅区分不同的疾病，而且还可用于预测疾病进展及时。最后，我们还证明了该框架的临床适用性，用于估算治疗后治疗和追踪患者状况的有效性。

Previous work has shown the potential of deep learning to predict renal obstruction using kidney ultrasound images. However, these image-based classifiers have been trained with the goal of single-visit inference in mind. We compare methods from video action recognition (i.e. convolutional pooling, LSTM, TSM) to adapt single-visit convolutional models to handle multiple visit inference. We demonstrate that incorporating images from a patient's past hospital visits provides only a small benefit for the prediction of obstructive hydronephrosis. Therefore, inclusion of prior ultrasounds is beneficial, but prediction based on the latest ultrasound is sufficient for patient risk stratification.

Many real-world applications of language models (LMs), such as code autocomplete and writing assistance, involve human-LM interaction, but the main LM benchmarks are non-interactive, where a system produces output without human intervention. To evaluate human-LM interaction, we develop a framework, Human-AI Language-based Interaction Evaluation (H-LINE), that expands non-interactive evaluation along three dimensions, capturing (i) the interactive process, not only the final output; (ii) the first-person subjective experience, not just a third-party assessment; and (iii) notions of preference beyond quality. We then design five tasks ranging from goal-oriented to open-ended to capture different forms of interaction. On four state-of-the-art LMs (three variants of OpenAI's GPT-3 and AI21's J1-Jumbo), we find that non-interactive performance does not always result in better human-LM interaction and that first-person and third-party metrics can diverge, suggesting the importance of examining the nuances of human-LM interaction.

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are supermassive black holes with luminous accretion disks found in some galaxies, and are thought to play an important role in galaxy evolution. However, traditional optical spectroscopy for identifying AGN requires time-intensive observations. We train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to distinguish AGN host galaxies from non-active galaxies using a sample of 210,000 Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies. We evaluate the CNN on 33,000 galaxies that are spectrally classified as composites, and find correlations between galaxy appearances and their CNN classifications, which hint at evolutionary processes that affect both galaxy morphology and AGN activity. With the advent of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, and other wide-field imaging telescopes, deep learning methods will be instrumental for quickly and reliably shortlisting AGN samples for future analyses.

Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) refers to clinician-performed and interpreted ultrasonography at the patient's bedside. Interpreting these images requires a high level of expertise, which may not be available during emergencies. In this paper, we support POCUS by developing classifiers that can aid medical professionals by diagnosing whether or not a patient has pneumothorax. We decomposed the task into multiple steps, using YOLOv4 to extract relevant regions of the video and a 3D sparse coding model to represent video features. Given the difficulty in acquiring positive training videos, we trained a small-data classifier with a maximum of 15 positive and 32 negative examples. To counteract this limitation, we leveraged subject matter expert (SME) knowledge to limit the hypothesis space, thus reducing the cost of data collection. We present results using two lung ultrasound datasets and demonstrate that our model is capable of achieving performance on par with SMEs in pneumothorax identification. We then developed an iOS application that runs our full system in less than 4 seconds on an iPad Pro, and less than 8 seconds on an iPhone 13 Pro, labeling key regions in the lung sonogram to provide interpretable diagnoses.

State-of-the-art pre-trained language models (PLMs) outperform other models when applied to the majority of language processing tasks. However, PLMs have been found to degrade in performance under distribution shift, a phenomenon that occurs when data at test-time does not come from the same distribution as the source training set. Equally as challenging is the task of obtaining labels in real-time due to issues like long-labeling feedback loops. The lack of adequate methods that address the aforementioned challenges constitutes the need for approaches that continuously adapt the PLM to a distinct distribution. Unsupervised domain adaptation adapts a source model to an unseen as well as unlabeled target domain. While some techniques such as data augmentation can adapt models in several scenarios, they have only been sparsely studied for addressing the distribution shift problem. In this work, we present an approach (MEMO-CL) that improves the performance of PLMs at test-time under distribution shift. Our approach takes advantage of the latest unsupervised techniques in data augmentation and adaptation to minimize the entropy of the PLM's output distribution. MEMO-CL operates on a batch of augmented samples from a single observation in the test set. The technique introduced is unsupervised, domain-agnostic, easy to implement, and requires no additional data. Our experiments result in a 3% improvement over current test-time adaptation baselines.

Fine-grained population maps are needed in several domains, like urban planning, environmental monitoring, public health, and humanitarian operations. Unfortunately, in many countries only aggregate census counts over large spatial units are collected, moreover, these are not always up-to-date. We present POMELO, a deep learning model that employs coarse census counts and open geodata to estimate fine-grained population maps with 100m ground sampling distance. Moreover, the model can also estimate population numbers when no census counts at all are available, by generalizing across countries. In a series of experiments for several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, the maps produced with POMELOare in good agreement with the most detailed available reference counts: disaggregation of coarse census counts reaches R2 values of 85-89%; unconstrained prediction in the absence of any counts reaches 48-69%.

The SNMMI Artificial Intelligence (SNMMI-AI) Summit, organized by the SNMMI AI Task Force, took place in Bethesda, MD on March 21-22, 2022. It brought together various community members and stakeholders from academia, healthcare, industry, patient representatives, and government (NIH, FDA), and considered various key themes to envision and facilitate a bright future for routine, trustworthy use of AI in nuclear medicine. In what follows, essential issues, challenges, controversies and findings emphasized in the meeting are summarized.

机器学习潜力是分子模拟的重要工具，但是由于缺乏高质量数据集来训练它们的发展，它们的开发阻碍了它们。我们描述了Spice数据集，这是一种新的量子化学数据集，用于训练与模拟与蛋白质相互作用的药物样的小分子相关的潜在。它包含超过110万个小分子，二聚体，二肽和溶剂化氨基酸的构象。它包括15个元素，带电和未充电的分子以及广泛的共价和非共价相互作用。它提供了在{\ omega} b97m-d3（bj）/def2-tzVPPD理论水平以及其他有用的数量（例如多极矩和键阶）上计算出的力和能量。我们在其上训练一组机器学习潜力，并证明它们可以在化学空间的广泛区域中实现化学精度。它可以作为创建可转移的，准备使用潜在功能用于分子模拟的宝贵资源。